自然保护地环境教育实践与研究现状

环境教育是多学科融合的激发人们环境保护意识、培养正确环境价值观的教育。国际上自然保护地环境教育研究主要集中在环境教育内容和形式、环境教育效果评价及其影响因素分析、环境教育监测和法律体系完善等领域。在实践方面，环境教育内容和形式不断丰富，出现相对多样化的环境教育模式和较为健全的环境教育评价与法治管理体系。典型的有美国黄石公园设置的少年巡逻员岗位项目、英国的野外环境教育培训基地和日本的生态自然体验露营地等。我国自然保护地环境教育研究关注了国外相关理论与实践，侧重于从宏观层面对我国环境教育提出原则性、策略性的建议等。文中在分析国际自然保护地环境教育研究与实践的基础上，结合我国自然保护地环境教育现状及存在的问题，提出了完善环境教育内容和形式、建立健全环境教育评价和法律体系等发展建议。     

1961-2017年东帕米尔高原极端升温过程气候变化特征

利用塔什库尔干、吐尔尕特和乌恰3个气象站1961年1月1日至2017年12月31日的逐日最高气温,建立了中巴经济走廊北端东帕米尔高原单站升温过程数据库,用百分位法基于综合强度指标遴选出极端升温过程,对比分析了该区域塔什库尔干等3站的极端升温过程频数、强度气候变化特征。结果表明:(1)1961—2017年,东帕米尔高原塔什库尔干共出现489次极端升温过程,平均每年出现8.6次。塔什库尔干极端升温过程平均持续3.6 d,以持续3 d的最多,占24.7%,吐尔尕特和乌恰以持续2～3 d的极端升温过程为主。塔什库尔干的极端升温过程在7月出现最多,吐尔尕特在5月最多,乌恰在1月最多。(2)塔什库尔干综合强度最强的1次升温过程出现在2008年2月20—21日。东帕米尔高原3站的极端升温过程综合强度均在冬季最强。(3)57 a来,东帕米尔高原塔什库尔干年极端升温过程频数呈显著的线性增加趋势,增加率为0.57次·(10a)~(-1),进入21世纪以来,极端升温过程相对频发,年际间变率加剧。吐尔尕特与乌恰的线性变化趋势不显著。(4)57 a来,塔什库尔干的极端升温过程强度呈显著的线性增强趋势,且近年来年际间变化幅度加剧;乌恰的过程强度略呈下降趋势,近年来年际间变化幅度趋于平缓。总之,塔什库尔干7月的极端升温过程最多,57 a来年极端升温过程频数显著增多、强度显著增强,近年来极端升温过程频数及强度的年际间变化幅度均加剧,造成东帕米尔高原区域融冰(雪)洪水及其衍生地质灾害频发,风险加剧。     

浅谈楼房养猪除臭技术设计与应用

楼房养猪相较于传统平房养猪,占用面积更小,可节省用地60%以上。楼房养猪同时方便集中管理,易于采光通风和保暖;但是楼房养猪也有明显的缺点,相较于传统的平房养猪,楼房养猪作为集约化、规模化、现代化养猪的集中表现模式,建造及运营维护成本相对较高,消毒及防疫工作较为困难。高楼环境易于通风的同时,猪舍的污染问题也更加突出。猪舍给空气带来的污染不仅会影响猪舍内外的空气质量,同时还会影响猪只的繁殖、生长和发育,并将会对养殖人员与附近居民的身体健康产生重要影响。所以,必须采取相应完善的系统科学措施,处理楼房养猪中的空气除臭问题,保证生猪生活环境的清洁。文章通过结合平房养猪以及楼房养猪的特点,浅谈一下楼房养猪的除臭技术的设计与应用。     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法鉴定禽呼肠孤病毒

从感染禽呼肠孤病毒的细胞中,以SDS和酚提取病毒核酸,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)法将分节段的核酸分开,经银染色显示,呈3-3-1-3分布,此法可用于禽呼肠孤病毒的快速检测、鉴定。同样方法未能使传染性法氏囊病毒核酸显示。     

一类耗散非线性波动方程初边值问题整体解的存在与非存在性

本文考虑一类耗散非线性波动方程的初边值问题。用半(?)方法和先验估计论证了该问题小初值下在时间大范围的可解性、唯一性;并用凸性方法证明了(?)当条件下该问题的解在有限时间内发生爆破现象。     

Evaluation of abomasal outflow diversion as an experimental model of hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis in lactating cows.

Four adult, lactating dairy cows were subjected to diversion (loss) of gastric contents through a T-shaped cannula placed in the cranial part of the duodenum just distal to the pylorus. Diversion was continued for 10 to 12 hours, at which point the cows were very weak and depressed. The volume of effluent during this period ranged from 37.3 to 46.8 L, with the largest volume being produced during the first four hours. All cows became dehydrated, with mean packed cell volume and total plasma protein concentration increasing 30% and 19.6%, respectively, but with only a slight increase in plasma creatinine concentration. Plasma Cl- concentrations decreased from a mean of 97.3 mEq/L at the beginning of diversion to a mean of 87.2 mEq/L at eight hours. This was followed by a plateau or slight increase in concentrations over the final hours of diversion. Plasma K+ concentration followed a similar pattern, decreasing from a mean of 3.9 mEq/L to a mean of 2.94 mEq/L at six hours, followed by increasing values until termination of diversion. No changes in plasma Na+ concentration were noted, except for a mild decrease in one cow. Plasma calcium concentrations decreased significantly, reaching 6.6 +/- 0.6 mEq/L at the end of diversion. Venous pH, plasma HCO3- concentration, and plasma base excess concentration increased during the first four to eight hours of diversion, followed by a gradual decline. Although a mild hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis resulted from diversion of abomasal outflow in all cows, substantiated by a mild increase in plasma strong ion difference, the changes observed were not as great as expected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

荔枝果实发育过程中细胞分裂素的变化

荔枝果实中含有玉米素、二氢玉米素和二氢核糖基玉米素。果实发育过程中细胞分裂素（ＣＴＫ）含量的动态是：谢花后两周内含量最高，然后下降并稳定在低水平。用外源６一卞基氨基嘌呤（６一ＢＡ）处理，仅在果实发育初期有明显保果作用。果实采后贮藏期间ＣＴＫ含量稳定在低水平；贮藏前用６一ＢＡ处理，能延迟果实衰老，提高果品质量。     

茶多酚(TP)对家禽免疫功能的研究

选用14日龄健康的海佩科内用仔鸡48羽,随机分成试验(24羽)和对照(24羽)两组.试验组在饲粮中添加0.25％的茶多酚(TP),研究TP对鸡免疫功能的作用.试验结果表明,TP对自然感染法氏囊病鸡,有明显提高(p<0.05)鸡血液中红细胞C_(3b)受体和免疫复合物的含量及保护鸡脾脏正常的免疫功能,同时也发现TP对公母鸡法氏囊的重量有不同影响.本试验表明,TP具有提高家禽免疫功能的作用.     

Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.